Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a versatile platform for cellular processes. Their design consists of an array of hollow fibers, serving as microenvironments. Fine-tuning the structure and characteristics of these fibers is essential for achieving optimal bioreactor function. Key design considerations include fiber diameter, number density

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) system has emerged as a prominent solution for wastewater treatment due to its ability to achieve high removal efficiencies of organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids. MBRs integrate a biological reactor with a membrane separation unit, effectively combining the advantages of conventional activated sludge systems w